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A conceptual illustration showing a lone figure in a green shirt walking along a crumbling stone path that disintegrates into scattered fragments and fiery orange chaos on the right. The left depicts a serene green landscape with a setting sun, rolling hills, and trees, symbolizing the fragmentation of ideological frameworks and the collapse of defined structures into disordered violent extremism.

The end of ideological violence

$A conceptual double-exposure photo showing a young adolescent's face blended with a cracked, weathered wall texture, symbolizing political alienation and disillusionment. The left half reveals the youth's serious expression while the right dissolves into fractured, peeling surfaces, visually representing distrust, powerlessness, and psychological fragmentation associated with the pathway from system-disillusionment toward political radicalism in Swedish adolescents.$

System-disillusioned youth radicalize: The role of political alienation in the formation of political radicalism

$A photo showing a fragmented, close-up human face in muted blue-gray tones, overlaid with distorted textures and streaks of vivid red. The image is heavily manipulated with cracked, glass-like fractures and double-exposure effects that obscure the eyes, evoking themes of psychological rupture, obscured identity, and violence—visually paralleling the article's discussion of ideology-free extremism fixated on aggression itself.$

Extremism without ideology

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Fadi Makki

Minister for Administrative Reform, Lebanon

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Fadi Makki serves as Minister for Administrative Reform in Lebanon and conducts research applying behavioral science to post-conflict settings. Makki's work includes randomized controlled trials examining inoculation-based approaches to countering extremist persuasion, with fieldwork carried out in Iraq. Additional research interests include gamification and the design of experiential courses in behavioral economics.

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Publications in advances.in/psychology

Research Article

Inoculating against extremist persuasion techniques – Results from a randomised controlled trial in post-conflict areas in Iraq

By Nabil Saleh, Fadi Makki, Sander van der Linden, & Jon Roozenbeek

September 11, 2023

Page last updated: June 19, 2026