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$A photo showing a fragmented, close-up human face in muted blue-gray tones, overlaid with distorted textures and streaks of vivid red. The image is heavily manipulated with cracked, glass-like fractures and double-exposure effects that obscure the eyes, evoking themes of psychological rupture, obscured identity, and violence—visually paralleling the article's discussion of ideology-free extremism fixated on aggression itself.$

Extremism without ideology

A photo showing a close-up impasto oil painting of a human face composed of fragmented, palette-knife patches in blue, orange, yellow, red, and white. The mosaic-like brushstrokes assemble piercing blue eyes, nose, and mouth from disparate color blocks, visually evoking the article's "salad bar" metaphor of composite, hybrid extremist worldviews built from diverse ideological fragments.

Why the ‘salad bar’ might actually help extremism research – A reply to Horgan and Shayler

The erosion of conceptual clarity in the study of political violence

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Irene Cisma

Institut de Neurociències, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona.

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Irene Cisma is a researcher at the Institut de Neurociències, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, with previous employment at the University of the Basque Country. Cisma's work spans social neuroscience and the study of misinformation, including research on the neural correlates of group and personal rejection as well as crowdsourcing approaches to fact-checking and combating partisan misinformation. Additional research interests include network analysis and trust.

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Publications in advances.in/psychology

Review

Scaling crowdsourcing interventions to combat partisan misinformation

By Clara Pretus, Helena Gil-Buitrago, Irene Cisma, Rosamunde C. Hendricks, & Daniela Lizarazo-Villarreal

July 16, 2024

Page last updated: May 18, 2026